Chemehuevi

Chumash

Kawaiisu

Kitanemuk

Koso

Mono

Salinan

Serrano

Tataviam

Tubatulabal

Yauelmani

Yokuts

Language Families

Hokan - Salinan

Chumashan - Chumash

Penutian - Yokuts

Uto-Aztecan - Tubatulabal, Ute-Chemehuevi, Serrano, Koso

Link - http://www.fourdir.com/california_indians.htm

Coastal Cultures
The Salinan Language: Salinan is closely related to the Seri language coastal Sonora, Mexico Family: Salinan Stock: Western Hokan Macro-Culture: Transitional: Chungichnich, Kuksu Along the far northwestern corner of Kern County, the Salinan barely entered the county. They were a semi-sedentary hunter/gatherer culture. They ranged from the headwaters of the Salinas River, or perhaps only from the vicinity of the Santa Margarita Divide, north to Santa Margarita Peak, and an unknown point in the valley somewhere south of Soledad; and from the coast somewhere from about Point Sur south to some point above Morro Bay. They were all but destroyed by missionization and the influx of settlers after the gold rush. A few mixed blood remnants survive today. Aboriginal Locations Villages: Playano (4), San Antonio (9), San Miguel (4) Present Locations Extinct as a culture. Survivors absorbed into local culture SALINAN NATION HISTORY 1542 Coast explored by Cabrillo who reported area uninhabited 1602 Viscaino may have met a few of the tribe in rush canoes 1769 Portola visited area, counted 1,050 along route, did not meet entire tribe 1770 Mission founded at Soledad 1771 Mission San Antonio de Padua established; maximum tribal population 1,124 1797 Mission San Miguel Arcangel established 1802 Pneumonia and diphtheria epidemics 1806 Measles epidemic 1821 Large number indentured to Mexican feudal barons 1831 Datura cult active 1850 Influx of settlers Population size during various years 1700 2,000 NAHDB calculation 1769 1,050 Portola (incomplete census) 1770 2,000 Kroeber estimate 1771 1,124 Mission San Antonia de Padua 1800 1,800 NAHDB calculation 1831 700 Cook estimate 1880 12 Henshaw estimate 1900 50 NAHDB calculation 1910 16 Census 1930 0 Census 2000 50 NAHDB calculation	The Chumash Languages: Barbareno, Canaleno, Cruzeno, Ineseno, Obispeno, Purisimeno, Ventureno Whether the Chumash language is part of the Hokan language phylum or a separate phylum is in dispute, though there is a growing consensus that Chumashan is not a component of Hokan. Family: Chumashan Macro-Culture: Southern California The Chumash were a California language group comprised of several tribes. Most of the Chumash cultures were maritime, others were inland hunter/gatherers. They were located in the three northern Santa Barbara islands, along the coast from Malibu Canyon north to Estero Beach, and inland as far as the ridge of the coastal range. The Chumash entire rich culture was destroyed early by Spanish missionization and, later, Mexican overlords. They tried one feeble revolt in 1824. Considerable unrecognized populations exist today in parts of their aboriginal territory. Aboriginal Locations 154 villages, Map: http://www.sbnature.org/chumash/local.htm Mainland: Achililliwo, 0Alkash, 0Alkuy, 0Anaquwuk, 0Aquitsu’m, 0Ataxvs, 0Awha’y, 0Axwapsh, Chanu, Chena, Chvhikukunach, Chiliqin, Chimimu, Chvmoli, Chvmonimu’, Chisqio, Chitneqle, Chitpu, Chitqawi, Chixwale, Elewexe, Hawamvw, Heliyik, Helo’, He’lxman, Heqep, Hipuk, Humaliwo, Huwam, 0Itiyaqsh, Kach’antuk’, Kalawshaq’, Kamulus, Kanaputeqnon, Kashtayit, Kashtiq, Kasunalmu, Kayiwish, K’o’owshup, Kimishax, Kuyam, Kuya’mu, Lalimonux, Lishawato’w, Lisiqishi, Lompo’, Lonsoqoq, Lospe, Loxostox’ni, Malapwam, Mat’apxa’w, Matapxwelxwel, Mat’ilha, Mikiw, Mishopshno, Mupu, Muwu, Nipumu’, Noqto, Onomyo, Naxuwi, Petpatsu, Pismu’, Qasil, Qmimu, Q’oloq’, S’apwi, Saq’ka’ya, Saqsiyol, S’axpilil (2), S’eqp’e, Sh’ahuchu, Shalawa, Shilimaqshtush, Shimiyi, Shipuk, Shisholop(2), Shishuch’i, Shnaxalyiwi, Shniwax, Shnoxsh, Shuku, Shumpashi, Shuxwiyuxus?, Sis’a, Siwaya, Siswow, Sisxulkuy, Siwaya, S’omis, Soxtonokmu, Snisewi, Sqe’ele, Sqene’n, Stemeqtatimi, Step, Stuk, Sumo, Sumuawawa, Siwil, Sxaliwilimu’, Syuxtun, Ta’apu, Ta’lopop, Tashilpun, Tech, Teqepsh, Texax, Tkiye, Tipexpa, Tipu, Tsikyiw, Tsimosmu’, Tsipxatu, Tsiqsitye, Tsitkawayu, Tsit’oyo’, Tsitxala, Tsiwikon, Tso, Washlayik, Wasna, Wenexe’l, Wexetmimu, Wililik’, Wishap, Xalam, Xana’yan (134 villaegs). San Miguel Island (Tuqan): Niwoyomi, Tuqan (2 villages). Santa Cruz Island (Limuw): Ch’ishi, L’akayamu, L’alale, Liyam, Lu’upsh, Nanawani, Mashchal, Shawa, Swaxil, Xaxas (10 villages) Santa Rosa island (Wimal): Helewashkuy, Hichimin, Nawani, Niaqla, Nilal’uy, Nimkilkil, Silimihi (8 villages) Present Locations SANTA YNEZ RESERVATION, Santa Ynez Groups with Recognition Petitions COASTAL BAND OF CHUMASH INDIANS, Santa Barbara Year History 1542 Encountered by Cabrillo and Ferrelo 1602 Visited by Viscaino 1769 Portola passed through territory 1772 Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolusa established 1782 Mission San Buenaventura established 1786 Mission Santa Barbara established 1787 Mission La Purisma Concepción established 1801 Secretly began returns to native religions 1802 Pneumonia and diphtheria epidemics 1804 Mission Santa Inez established 1806 Measles epidemic 1821 Most of tribe indentured to Mexican feudal barons 1824 La Purisma Revolt, relatively feeble 1844 Epidemic wiped out Purisma group 1848 Woman rescued from San Nicolas Island and brought to Santa Barbara Mission after being stranded for 18 years 1855 109 settled at Zanja de Cota Reservation Year Population Source 1700 10,000 NAHDB calculation 1780 10,000 Kroeber estimate 1800 9,000 NAHDB calculation 1831 2,788 Registered at missions 1832 2,471 Cook estimate 1848 1,150 Cook estimate 1852 1,050 Cook estimate 1865 659 Cook estimate 1880 200 Cook estimate 1900 100 NAHDB calculation 1910 38 Census 1920 74 Cook estimate 1930 14 Census 1974 40 Reservation population 1989 223 BIA estimate 2000 1,500 NAHDB calculation
Mountain Cultures
The Tubatulabal The homeland of the Tubatulabal is the Kern River/Lake Isabella area of the southern Sierra Nevada. The Tubatulabal were divided into three distinct bands, each of which spoke a different version of the Tubatulabal language. Pakhanapil, Palegewan, Bankalachi villages dotted the north and south forks of the Kern "Po-sun-co-la" River and in the Greenhorns at Poso Flat. Each of the Tubatulabal bands had a high level of internal unity and was led by a headman or timiwal. The timiwal was appointed by a council of elders and usually served a life term. His powers were limited, however, and he functioned primarily as a counselor and arbitrator. The timiwal helped to settle disputes within the band and served as the band's representative in dealing with neighboring groups. They followed a life-way similar to their neighbors, the Kawaiisu and the Yokuts. Their main staples were acorns, gathered in the early fall from six different species of oaks, and piñon nuts, gathered in the late fall from trees on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Various small seeds, berries, and tubers were gathered throughout the year. Also important were the fish caught in the mountain streams and rivers of Tubatulabal territory. The major game animals were deer, bear, mountain lion, mountain sheep, and antelope. In fieldwork done in 1948 and 1949 archaeologists found Long Canyon Village, a permanent winter village on the south fork of the Kern River, at an elevation of 3000 feet. It was thought to have been last occupied sometime between 1780 and 1820. Rock rings which were the remains of houses and granaries were found. The Tubatulabal The degree to which the Tubatulabal language diverges from its Shoshonean kin shows that these people have been more or less isolated in their mountain home for a considerable period. Nevertheless, they were on friendly terms with their various neighbors on the western slope of the Sierra whom they often visited, and even joined during certain seasons. The legend that they raided the peaceable valley Yokuts from time to time is therefore pure fancy, without foundation. The home of the Tubatulabal lay on the main and South Branches of the Kern River, their territory thus extending up the former to its headwaters in Sequoia Park. This was, however, too high to be settled permanently and served as no more than summer hunting territory. It is likely that Western Mono and possibly some Yokuts also visited this section, so that its assignment to the Tubatulabal follows mainly from its greater accessibility to them. Tubatulabal is a Shoshonean term meaning "pine nut eaters". Their former population may have numbered 1,000. In 1925 there were 100 to 150. There is nothing published on the culture of the Tubatulabal except a few paragraphs in Kroeber's "Handbook of the Indians of California". A more complete ethnology will be available when Vogelin's data are published. Ethnie: TUBATULABAL Language: Tubatulabal Family: Tubatulabal Stock: Uto-Aztecan Phylum: Aztec-Tanoan Macro-Culture: Transition: Southern California, Colorado River, Great Basin, Central California Speakers 6 1972 SIL The Tubatulabal were a semi-sedentary hunter/gatherer culture and language group. They were located in the upper part of the valley of the Kern River. Their language is unlike any other in the Uto-Aztecan stock. They suffered severely from the White influx. Aboriginal Locations Division (# of villages): Bankalachi (1), Palagewan (3), Tubatulabal (11) Present Locations Some remnants at TULE RIVER RESERVATION, Porterville while other absorbed into the local culture including Ft. Tejon Year History 1776 Visited by Father Garcés 1806 Measles epidemic 1846 White settlers moved into territory 1857 Kern River gold rush 1862 Joined Owens Valley Paiute in hostilities against Whites 1863 American soldiers massacred 35-40 men near Kernville 1893 Allotted land in South Fork and Kern Valleys 1902 Measles epidemic 1918 Influenza epidemic Year Population Source 1700 1,000 NAHDB calculation 1770 1,000 Kroeber estimate 1800 1,000 NAHDB calculation 1855 228 Voeglin estimate 1900 100 NAHDB calculation 1910 105 Census 1972 50 Field census 2000 100 NAHDB calculation	The Western Mono The Western Mono territory comprises the western slope of the Sierra from the summit of the watershed to the lower country where they adjoined the foothill Yokuts, and between the Fresno and Tule Rivers. (For type, see Gayton, 1929-a, plates) The northern side of the Kaweah River was occupied by the Waksachi band, the southern side, by the Balwisha (Patwisha) band. Most of the season was naturally spent in the lower hills, as the high Sierra are accessible only in the summer. Linguistically, they are close to the Owens Valley Paiute, varying from them chiefly as a dialect. This implies an ultimate eastern origin, indicating that they, like the Tubatulabal, are simply a Shoshonean people who, at some time in the past, pushed across the crest of the Sierra. The Western Mono formerly probably numbered about 2,000; today they have about half that number. Like other remotely located tribes in California, their population has suffered less from the inroads of civilization than that of the formerly far more numerous but accessible peoples, such as the Yokuts. Very little information is available on the Western Mono near Sequoia Park, except that contained in Gayton, 1929, 1930-a and 1930-b. The Northfork Mono, farther to the north, have been rather completely described in Gifford, 1932. The remaining Western Mono will be fully described when Gayton's researches are published.
The Kitanemuk Ethnie: KITANEMUK Language: Northern Takic Family: Takic Stock: Uto-Aztecan Phylum: Aztec-Tanoan Macro-Culture: Southern California Speakers None The Takic peoples arrived in southern California about 2,500 years ago. All were relatively peaceful hunter/gatherer mountain and desert cultures. The Kitanemuk are closely related to the so called Serrano and Gabrielino. They ranged across the east slope of the San Gabriel Mountains from Tejon Pass to the Antelope Valley and into the Mojave Desert. They were active traders. Aboriginal Locations Villages of Chivutpa-ve, Honewimats, Mavin, Nakwalkie-ve, and Wuwopraha-ve Present Locations Some descendants reside at TULE RIVER RESERVATION, Porterville and Tejon Ranch while others absorbed into the local culture Year History 1769 Visited by Garcés; Kitanemuk at war with Serrano (Alliklik) having killed their chief 1771 Mission San Gabriel de Arcangel founded 1797 Mission San Fernando Rey Espana founded 1821 Many indentured to Mexican feudal barons 1840 Smallpox epidemic 1917 A few Kitanemuks living at Tejon Ranch, others at Tule River Reservation Year Population Source 750 Balckburn and Bean aboriginal estimate 1700 750 NAHDB calculation 1800 700 NAHDB calculation 1900 50 NAHDB calculation 2000 50 NAHDB calculation Other speakers of the same language: Gabrielino, Serrano, Vanyume	The Kawaiisu Ethnie: KAWAIISU Language: Southern Numic Family: Numic Stock: Uto-Aztecan Phylum: Aztec-Tanoan Macro-Culture: Transition - Central California and Great Basin Speakers 10 or less 1962 Chafe The Kawaiisu were a semi-nomadic hunter/gatherer tribe that ranged throughout the Tehachapi Mountains. They were closely related to the Chemehuevi, and, therefore, the Southern Paiute. They were devastated by the gold rush miners and settlers, as well as U. S. military aggression. Aboriginal Locations Primary territories in the Tehachapi Pass but ranged great distances Present Locations Some descendants at TULE RIVER RESERVATION, Porterville while others absorbed into the local culture and to the west in Tejon Pass Year History 1776 Visited by Garcés 1844 John C. Fremont passed through area 1850 John C. Fremont passed through area 1863 Massacre of 35 unarmed Kawaiisu by soldiers under Capt. Moses McLaughlin Year Population Source 1700 500 NAHDB calculation 1770 500 Kroeber estimate 1800 400 NAHDB calculation 1900 150 NAHDB calculation 1910 150 Kroeber estimate 1984 35 Zigmond 2000 50 NAHDB calculation Other speakers of the same language: Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute AZ NV, Ute CO NM UT
Desert Cultures
The Koso Ethnie: KOSO (PANAMINT) Language: Central Numic Family: Numic Stock: Uto-Aztecan Phylum: Aztec-Tanoan Macro-Culture: Great Basin Speakers 20 1998 J. McLaughlin The Koso were a nomadic hunter/gatherer tribe. They ranged over the sparsely populated barren country between the Sierras and the Nevada state line from Owens Lake south to the Panamint Mountains. They are closely related to the Western Shoshoni. Their remote territory minimized their contact with Whites. As a result, little of their history is recorded. Aboriginal Locations 4 villages Present Locations LONE PINE RESERVATION, Lone Pine Year History 1825 Jedediah Smith passed through area 1849 Death Valley Party passed entered territory 1855 Territory surveyed by Von Schmidt 1860 Silver discovered in Coso Mountains 1882 Borax trade began Year Population Source 1700 150 NAHDB calculation 1800 150 NAHDB calculation 1883 150 Kroeber 1891 100 Kroeber 1900 100 NAHDB calculation 2000 100 NAHDB calculation Other speakers of the same language: Comanche OK, Northern Shoshoni ID WY, Western Shoshoni CA NV	The Owens Valley Paiute The Owens Valley Paiute belong to an extensive group known generically as the Northern Paiute (in western Nevada as the Paviotso), which extends through eastern California and western Nevada into eastern Oregon. (For types, see Steward, 1933, plates, 1, 5, 8). The Northern Paiute are subdivided into local groups of several hundred individuals each. Each group or tribe owns and controls definitely demarked sections of territory and varies slightly in dialect from the others. Within these tribal territories were a number of villages. In winter the people lived in Owens Valley or at the edge of the timber in the Inyo mountains where pinenuts were stored. Spring and summer brought considerable wandering within tribal territory in search of wild seeds and game. In the fall there was a communal hunt, dances, and pinenut harvest. There was a good deal of intercourse with the tribes west of the Sierra during the summer, many trips being made for the purpose of trade. Inter-marriage with these tribes was not in frequent. Thus, there was an exchange of ideas which tended to level down the effect of environment. A general description of the Owens Valley Paiute will be found in Steward, 1933.
	The Serrano Ethnie: SERRANO Language: Northern Takic Family: Takic Stock: Uto-Aztecan Phylum: Aztec-Tanoan Macro-Culture: Southern California Speakers 1 1994 C.J. Coker 1 has since learned language, several others learning The Takic peoples arrived in southern California about 2,500 years ago. All were peaceful hunter/gatherer mountain and desert cultures. The Serrano delineation was a result of the Spanish missionization that separated them from the so called Gabrielino and Kitanemuk, with whom they comprised the Northern Takic language group. The Serrano herein include the Vanyume and Alliklik. They ranged throughout the San Bernardino Mountains, as far as the San Gabriel as far west as Mt. San Antonio. Ancestors of the present Serrano may well have ranged south of those mountains from Sierra Madre to the Morongo Valley. They occupied the region of the Mojave River in the high desert to the north. The Serrano had close cultural ties to the Cahuilla, an late, were allies and trading partners with the Chemehuevi and indeed adopted at least one band of that ethnie into their culture. Aboriginal Locations Akavat, Amaha-vit, Atu'aviatam, Kayuwat, Kupacha, Malki, Mara, Maringa, Mawaitum, Muhiatnim, Mukunpat, Nahyu, Palukiktam, Pihatupayam, Tuchahu, Tumunamtu, Turka, Wa'acham, Wakuhi, Yahaviat Present Locations MORONGO RESERVATION, Banning SAN MANUAL RESERVATION, Highland Year History 1771 Mission San Gabriel Arcangel founded 1772 Pedro Fage entered territory 1776 Garces arrived in territory 1812 Revolted against missions along with Cahuilla and Yuma 1819 Asistencia established near Redlands; a large number of Vanyume massacred by Mojave tribe 1821 Large number indentured to Mexican feudal barons 1834 Many removed bodily to missions 1840 Smallpox epidemic 1860 Smallpox epidemic 1875 Reservation established 1975 100 Claimed descent, per Bean and Smith Year Population Source 1700 1,500 NAHDB calculation 1770 1,500 Kroeber estimate 1800 1,500 NAHDB calculation 1900 100 NAHDB calculation 1910 118 Census 1975 100 Claimed descent, per Bean and Smith 2000 150 NAHDB calculation Other speakers of the same language: Gabrielino, Kitanemuk
Valley Cultures
The Yokuts 1 The Yokuts occupy the greater part of the San Joaquin valley and the lower foothills of the Sierra to the east. (For type, see Kroeber, 1925, pl. 32 b,e.) They are subdivided into tribes, each numbering two to three hundred persons, and having a tribal name, dialect, and definite territory. The names are usually meaningless and end either in amni or a derivative of this or in chi. Neither the Yokuts nor their neighbors should be called "Mariposans". The foothill tribes usually occupy smaller areas than those of the valley and are more distinctive in dialects. The tribe nearest Sequoia Park is the Yaudanchi. Of them, Kroeber says, (1825:479-480): "The Yaudanchi or Yaulanchi (plural Yauedchani or Yawilchini), also called Nutaa (plural Nuchawayi), 'easterners, uplanders'—whence Garces's generic designation of the Yokuts as Noche—held Tule River in the foothills, especially the North and Middle Forks. One of their principal winter quarters was Shawahtau above Springville. Nearby was Ukunui ('drink'); and house pits at Uchiyingetau ('markings') at the painted rocks, and at Tungoshud ('gate') near the agency, on Tule River Reservation, hark back either to Yaudanchi or Bokninuwad occupancy. In spring and early summer they gathered seeds in the vicinity of Lindsay; in late summer or fall they met with other tribes in Koyeti territory about Porterville for fishing and elk hunting. In dry and hungry seasons, the southern end of Tulare Lake would be frequented in search of tule roots. All the Yokuts tribes from the Kaweah River south, except perhaps the Wowol and Chunut of Tulare Lake, and at least most of the adjacent Shoshoneans, were friendly and appear to have ranged over one another's territory amicably and almost at will..." To the west of Sequoia Park were the Wukehamni Yokuts of whom Kroeber (p.480) says : "The Wukahamni, Wikchamni, or Wikchomni (plural Wukachmina or Wikatsmina), whose name was a byword for "glutton", and who may be the Buesanet of Graces, wintered on Kaweah River near Lemon Cove and Iron Bridge and frequented the adjacent hills in summer." The Yokuts have been relatively completely described by Kroeber in the "Handbook of the Indians of California". More material will be available when Gayton's researches are published. 1. (Yokuts is the singular form.) Ethnie: YOKUTS (YOKOTCH) Language: Yokutsan Family: Yokutsan Stock: Penutian Phylum: Macro-Penutian Macro-Culture: Kuksu Speakers 78 1990 Census The Yokuts are a language family with as many as 50 separate hunter/gatherer tribes, and numerous dialects. They occupied the entire San Joaquin Valley of central California from the mouth of the San Joaquin River to the foot of the Tehachapi, and the adjacent lower slopes or foothills of the Sierra Nevada, from the Fresno River south. They experienced huge population losses as a result of Mexican genocide, and were almost destroyed by the virtual holocaust of the indiscriminate genocide of the early American gold prospectors and settlers. Aboriginal Locations Subdivisions: Tribes (# of villages): Buena Vista Group: Hometwoli, Loasau, Tuhohi, Tulamni (5); Tule-Kaweah Group: Bokninuwad, Kawia, Wuchamni, Yausanchi, Yokod (11); Kings River Group: Aiticha, Choinimni, Chukaimina, Gashowu, Kocheyali, Michahai, Toihicha (14); Northern Group of Foothill Division: Chukchansi, Dalinchi, Dumma, Kechayi, Toltichi (17); Poso Creek Group: Paleuyami (6); Southern Group of the Valley Division: Apiachi, Choinok, Chunut, Koyeti, Nutunutu, Tachi, Telamni, Tsineuhiu, Wechihit, Wimilchi, Wo'lasi, Wowol, Yauelmani (27); Northern Group of the Valley Division: Chauchila, Chulamni, Coconoon, Hannesuk, Heuchi, Hoyima, Kakisamni, Nupchinche, Pitkachi, Tawalimnu, Wakichi (19) Present Locations 2000 Census Picayune Rancheria, Coarsegold Santa Rosa Rancheria, Lemoore 299 Table Mountain Rancheria, Friant Tule River Reservation, Porterville 473 Groups With Recognition Petitions Pending Chukchansi Yokotch Tribe, Coarsegold Chukchansi Yokotch Tribe of Mariposa, California, Mariposa Year History 1802 Pneumonia, diphtheria epidemic 1805 Attacked Fr. Cuevas party, Peralta retaliated killing 11, capturing 30 1806 Measles epidemic 1815 Pico attacked rancheria near Madera, 5 killed, 50 captured, most escaped 1821 Large numbers indentured to Mexican feudal barons 1833 Epidemic, probably malaria 1839 Yokuts raiding party against Martinez lost 8, Castro then attacked 2 rancherias capturing 77 1850 Gold rush, influx of miners, settlers; beginning of several years of Mariposa War genocide, huge losses; virtually no specific accounts 1851 Yokuts signed peace treaty 1852 U. S. Senate rejected treaty; Campbell and 2 dozen miner killed 11; some Yokuts placed at Tejon Pass 1853 Great number died from malaria epidemic 1854 Ft. Tejon established 1856 Williams leading Tulare Mounted Volunteers ambush Ft. Tejon killing 5; 15 Yokuts killed near Visalia; 20+ Yokuts killed in fight at Battle Mountain in Tule River War 1858 200 destitute Yokuts removed from villages to Kings River farm by armed Whites 1900 Huge Tulare Lake virtually disappeared due to White drainage of water 1933 Chunuts Yokuts forced from their Tulare Lake village site Year Population Source 1700 18,000 NAHDB calculation 1770 18,000 Kroeber estimate 1800 18,000 NAHDB calculation 1848 14,000 Cook estimate 1852 13,000 Cook estimate 1880 600 Cook estimate 1900 550 NAHDB calculation 1910 533 Census 1973 595 BIA 1981 640 BIA 1989 1,327 BIA 2000 1,500 NAHDB calculation Other speakers of the same language: None